SUMMARY
1.
DEFINITION OF SPEAKING.
Speaking is a productive skill, it is means you use the language that you have acquired and produce a
message through speech or written text that you want others to understand.
Speaking is the ability to perform the linguistics
knowledge in actual communication, where the student use this skill in daily
activity. It is not only a matter of transferring some messages to other
persons but is also communication, which needs more than one person to
communicate with. When people speak, they construct ideas in words, express
their perception, their feelings and intentions, so that interlocutors grasp
meaning of what the speakers mean.
If the learners do not have speaking skill, do
not understand the English words that are said by the speaker, do not
acknowledge the language, they cannot grasp meaning of what the speaker mean.
So, speaking is the way of someone to express their
minds, ideas and thought freely and spontaneously.
2.
WHAT IS ACCURACY & FLUENCY?
Ø Accuracy is how the student speak in
grammatically its mean the student can use structure or grammar when they speak
or they say something.
Ø Fluency is how the students are able
to speak fluently and loudly in clearly and good pronunciation.
3.
THE COMPONENTS OF SPEAKING SKILL
According to Syakur there are at least five
components of speaking skill concerned with comprehension, grammar, vocabulary,
pronunciation, and fluency (Syakur, 1987:3).
1)
Comprehension
For oral communication certainly
requires a subject to respond to speech as well as to initiate it.
2)
Grammar
It is needed for students to
arrange a correct grammatical sentence in a conversation. The utility of
grammar is also to learn the correct way to gain expertise in a language
in oral and written form.
3)
Vocabulary
Vocabulary is the most important part of speaking skill. Without grammar
very little can be conveyed, without vocabulary nothing
can be conveyed. Mastering vocabulary means that we can choose the
appropriate diction which is used in communication in any kinds of situations.
4)
Pronunciation
Pronunciation is the way for students’ to produce clear language when
they speak. It deals with the phonological process that refers to the component
of a grammar made up of the elements and principles that determine how sounds
vary and pattern in a language.
5)
Fluency
Fluency can be defined as the ability of students to speak fluently and
accurately in communication. Fluency in speaking is the aim of many language
learners. Signs of fluency include a reasonably fast speed of speaking and
only a small number of pauses and “ums” or “ers”.
4.
HOW CAN YOU ENCOURAGE STUDENTS TO SPEAK?
Teacher just as a
facilitator and motivator in the class. The teacher have to manage the
situation in the class that can make the students easy to understand, and also make
the students want to speak loudly and clearly in speaking class. There are some
effort which can encourage students to speak out:
A.
Positive Reinforcement
As a teacher, you should focus on
your students successful attempts to use English. If students speak out loudly
and clearly, but make a mistake, praise them just for speaking out or for
pronouncing it well. As students improve, you can focus on the most outstanding
successes. Whatever you encourage, students will continue to do. On the other
hand, if you do not encourage them, they will likely become passive in class.
B.
Clear Goals and Instructions
Make sure to include goals and instructions in
your lesson plan. That way you will be sure to remember to do them, and if you
do have any problems, you will easily see how to fix them in future lessons.
Students need to know ‘why’ an activity
is being done. Without understanding the reasons why they have to learn, many
students think an activity is not important and give up or practice
half-heartedly.
Students need to know exactly ‘how’ an
activity is done, otherwise they will be out of control when the activity
starts. To make it clear, write the instructions on the blackboard or overhead
projector. Model the activity with one of your best students so everyone can
see what they need to do.
C.
The Element of Surprise
Students usually know exactly what will happen
in class and answer questions mechanically. By adding surprises to your
lessons, students will be forced to think about meaning and will pay more
careful attention. You might ask students about their families, then ask if
they are married, or if they can drive a car. Students who are answering
without thinking will say "yes" automatically. In such cases, their
classmates will usually laugh at their mistake, and they will realize the
importance of paying attention. Saying
anything strange will improve the class atmosphere. Whenever you have a list of questions
or a lot of language to cover, add something funny or strange at the end of the
lesson.
D.
Friendly Competition
Competition automatically grabs students'
attention. The easiest way to have friendly competition is to divide the class
into two teams and play some kind of game. Competition can be used on an individual
level as well, by giving points to students for their work. Make sure all
students have a chance to succeed at getting some points so that nobody feels
bad. You can give points for any written work such as dictations or
mini-quizzes. Students enjoy seeing their progress over time, keeping them
motivated in the long term.
5.
CHARACTERISTICS OF SUCCESSFUL
SPEAKING ACTIVITIES
Sometimes spoken language is
easy to perform, but in some cases it is difficult (Brown, 2001: 270). In order that they can carry out the successful speaking, they have to fulfil
some characteristics of successful speaking activity. There are some characteristics of successful
speaking activity such as:
a)
Motivation is high.
Learners are eager to speak
because they are interested in the topic and have something new to say about
it, or they want to contribute to achieve a task objective.
b)
Learners talk a lot.
As much as possible of the
period of time allocated to the activity is in fact occupied by learners talk.
This may be obvious, but often most time is taken up with teacher talk or
pauses.
c)
Participant is even.
Classroom discussion is not
dominated by a minority of talk active participants. All get a chance to speak
and contributions are fairly evenly distributed.
d)
Language is of an acceptable level.
Learners express themselves in utterances that
are relevant, easy comprehensible to each other and of acceptable level of
language accuracy. If the learners do not have
speaking skill, do not understand the English words that are said by the
speaker, do not acknowledge the language, they cannot grasp meaning of what the
speaker mean. In that condition, they cannot be said successful in learning
English, because they do not have a meaningful interaction of English
conversation.
6.
SPEAKING EXERCISES
Speaking exercises aimed to measure the ability
of students to learn speaking, whether the students are able to convey what's
on their mind, and also spoke well and true. There are some speaking exercises
such as:
a.
Story Telling
Story telling is an interactive art
performance in which a story teller tries to deliver a message or moral value
to the audiences in entertaining way involving their ability to present and
communicate the images of the story through necessary language, vocal
character, and body language naturally and in colourful ways creatively.
b.
Retelling Story
Retelling is the act of performing
the summarized plot of the story in which we try to tell the story in different
way without changing the idea.
c.
Speech
Speech which is known as public
speaking, it is a formal talk that someone delivers to audience or a group of
people.
d.
Conversation
Conversation is the way of speaking to exchange of statements, observations, opinions, or ideas in
pair or group.
e.
Debate
Debate
is an activity which might be use to develop your communicative skills. In
debate will provide you with knowledge of delivering and organizing effective
arguments, persuading and entertaining audience and also using your voice and
gesture to convince an adjudicator that your arguments reasonable than your
opposition.
7.
MENTION AND EXPLAIN SOME TECHNIQUE
IN TEACHING SPEAKING
There are some technique in teaching English:
a) Dialogue
Dialogue is one of the media in teaching speaking. It helps the students
practice in speech, pronunciation, intonation, stress. Dialogue also
increase students’ vocabulary. Dialogues is two sides
communication, it means we just not
have to express something but we should have to understand what
another peoples said (Podo and Sulaiman,1995: 25).
b) Discussion
Fauziati (2002:134) states that the main aim of group discussion is to
improve fluency, grammar in probably best allowed to function as
a naturally communicative context. The students may aim to arrive at a
conclusion, share ideas about an event, or find solutions in their discussion
groups. Here the teacher can form groups of students and each group works on
their topic for a given time period, and present their opinions to the class.
c) Interviews
Conducting interviews with people gives students a chance
to practice their speaking ability not only in class but also
outside and helps them becoming socialized. After doing interviews, each
student can present the result to the class.
d) Role Play and Simulation
Role play has appeal for students because it allows the students to be
creative and to put themselves in another person’s place for a while (Richard,
2003: 222). While simulation is very similar to role-play but here students can
bring items to the class to create a realistic environment. For instance, if a
student is acting as a singer, he or she can bring a microphone to sing.
e) Prepared Talks
A popular kind of activity is the prepared talk where a student makes a
presentation on a topic. Such talks are not designed for informal spontaneous
conversation; because they are prepared, they are more ‘writing-like’ than
spoken orally. However, if possible, students should speak from notes rather
than from a script (Harmer, 2001: 274).
f) Reporting
In class, the students are asked to report what they find as the most
interesting news. Students can also talk about whether they have experienced
anything worth telling their friends in their daily lives before class.